Continuous Snow-Cover Monitoring and Avalanche Detection with a Novel Sensor Array Box.

Snow avalanches pose a serious hazard in snow-covered, mountainous areas. In order to protect inhabited areas and infrastructure such as roads and railway lines, avalanche protection measures need to be taken. In addition to permanent, technical protection measures, temporary, organizational measures, which are based on risk assessments by local avalanche warning commissions, are utilized. These avalanche risk assessments rely on regional avalanche bulletins, weather forecasts, local expertise, and information on current snowpack conditions. Our research seeks to enhance knowledge of current snowpack and avalanche conditions by providing in situ monitoring of potential avalanche slopes. Therefore, we developed a novel sensor box array, peakr, consisting of multiple sensor units deployed by hand or by drone at key avalanche slope locations throughout the winter season. The sensors continuously measure temperature, humidity, position, and snowpack movement. Data are transmitted via LoRaWAN and GSM, stored locally, and accessed through a web platform. Automated analysis using a decision tree and event-detection algorithm triggers immediate alerts to responsible personnel via SMS and email. This paper presents an overview of the peakr sensor array and web platform, focusing on data analysis and avalanche events from the Arlberg ski resort in winter 2023/2024, supported by webcam time-lapse validation.