Freeze-Thaw Behavior and Degradation Modeling of Shale-Based Lightweight Structural Concrete.

The freeze-thaw cycles lead to cumulative damage and gradual strength deterioration in concrete, which cannot be accurately represented by traditional empirical models. To address this issue, shale-based lightweight structural concrete (LSC) specimens with four strength grades (LSC20-LSC50) were subjected to basic mechanical performance and freeze-thaw cycle experiments. The study investigated the patterns of mass loss, relative dynamic elastic modulus, and loss of compressive strength in LSC subjected to varying numbers of freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, the correlation between the dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength was examined. A Gamma process-based stochastic degradation model for the compressive strength of LSC was then developed. The results show that the compressive strength degradation of LSC under freeze-thaw cycles follows a monotonically increasing trend that gradually stabilizes, with low-strength LSC deteriorating faster than high-strength LSC. After 200 cycles, the compressive strength degradation of LSC30 and LSC50 was only 32.66% and 29.79% of that of their corresponding ordinary concretes (C30 and C50). The proposed Gamma process model showed high fitting accuracy for all strength grades of LSC (R