Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41976522›Full record

ArticleFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Sulfur Fumigation-Induced Chemical Transformations in Lily Bulbs (

Ruiqi Xu, Dingjiang Xuan, Ping Li, Zheng Zhou, Tingyu Zhu, Qi Wu, Lin Zhu, Shuhong Ye, Yan Ding

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ruiqi XuSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
Dingjiang XuanSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
Ping LiSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
Zheng ZhouSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
Tingyu ZhuSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
Qi WuSub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100088, China.
Lin ZhuSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
Shuhong YeSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
Yan DingSKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.ORCID 0000-0001-8431-7694

Funding

the National Key Research and Development Program of China 2025YFD2400200the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province 2025-MSLH-035
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sulfur fumigation, as a highly effective method for preservation and appearance enhancement, has been widely applied in fruits, vegetables, and food products. However, excessive sulfur fumigation can pose safety risks. Currently, there is limited research on the bound sulfites produced by sulfur fumigation, and no consensus has been reached regarding their structure and toxicity. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), a total of 34 compounds were identified in 12 lily bulb samples subjected to different sulfur fumigation durations. These derivatives were all hypothesized to form via nucleophilic addition to carbon-carbon double bonds. Based on multivariate statistical analysis, 9 characteristic markers were established to rapidly differentiate between non-fumigated (NF) and sulfur-fumigated (SF) samples. The practicality of this strategy was validated using 18 commercial batches. Molecular docking simulations predicted that the modifications might enhance toxicity toward liver injury-related targets, both by altering the spatial conformation of the compounds and because the sulfonic acid group itself serves as an ideal hydrogen-bond acceptor. Overall, mild fumigation led to a gradual accumulation of free sulfur dioxide in lily bulbs, increased the total content of phenolic components and antioxidant capacity, and did not generate excessive bound sulfur dioxide. However, with further extension of fumigation time, the content of sulfur-containing derivatives rose rapidly, accompanied by a noticeable decline in antioxidant activity. This study elucidates the sulfur-driven chemical transformation mechanisms in lily bulbs and establishes a targeted methodology for the quality control and safety assessment of processed herbal products.

Indexed as

lily bulbsmultivariate statistical analysissulfur fumigationUPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

Identifiers

PMID41976522
PMCPMC13073644

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.