Establishing Behavioural Thresholds for Dogs in Animal-Assisted Services: Expert-Derived Thresholds and Field Study Comparison.

Animal-Assisted Services (AASs) are increasingly used in therapeutic, educational, and supportive contexts, raising growing concern for the welfare of the dogs involved. This study assessed dogs' affective states during AAS sessions by establishing expert-derived behavioural thresholds and comparing these with field observations. Thirteen experts in canine behaviour, health, welfare, and AAS evaluated 19 behaviours across 11 fictional scenarios using an absolute scoring approach. Expert ratings were used to derive lower and upper frequency thresholds distinguishing excellent, neutral, and unacceptable welfare for behaviours associated with positive- or negative-affective states. Field data were collected over a two-month period from 837 AAS sessions involving 63 dogs, scored by trained professionals using the same ethogram. Stress-related behaviours were generally within the expert-defined acceptable ranges, although some dogs exceeded the upper thresholds for behaviours such as low posture or sniffing. In contrast, positive-affective behaviours-including play, voluntary lying down, and broad tail wagging-were observed infrequently and often fell below the expert-defined minimum thresholds. These findings suggest that while overt stress indicators are largely managed in AAS practice, opportunities for dogs to express positive-affective states may be limited. Integrating expert-derived behavioural thresholds into welfare monitoring may support evidence-based standards and safeguard canine welfare in AASs.