Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41975441›Full record

ReviewPhilosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM2026

Artificial intelligence in healthcare, dentistry, and orthodontics; is it an opportunity or a threat? An epistemological review.

Muhammed Al-Huda Ballouk, Mohamed Altinawi

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Muhammed Al-Huda BalloukDamascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic. dr.muhammed.alhuda@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0003-4961-0611
Mohamed AltinawiDamascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Helpless, the human race stands in front of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that has invaded us and evaded our defences, leaving the world stranded and surrendering to each and every mobile app notification suggesting any persuasive personalised contents, for instance. Wherever we go nowadays, we cannot but touch the deep impact, positive and negative, on all life aspects, including healthcare and our well-being. The dental field is no exception to that, with its favourite child and first specialisation that rests in its heart of hearts, orthodontics, being also hit and beaten by AI. This epistemological review spots the light on the use of AI as an overall experience whether in healthcare, medicine, or even dentistry, but more specifically in the orthodontic arena, and discusses possible advantages and disadvantages as well as future threats and challenges with the eye of a critical philosophical approach and the lens of a fundamental debate-based discussion. Various studies have been collected from different databases to support the detailed arguments presented, showing the different rationalities, and irrationalities, concerning the use of AI.

Indexed as

Artificial IntelligenceDelivery of Health CareDentistryOrthodonticsHumansArtificial intelligenceDeep learningDelivery of health careEpistemologyEvidence-based dentistryMachine learningOrthodonticsPhilosophy of science.

Identifiers

PMID41975441
PMCPMC13072541

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.