ArticleJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine2026
Enhancing the osteogenic potential of 3D-printed polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds via in-situ ZIF-8 surface modification.
Article in Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bone defects remain a major clinical challenge, necessitating advanced scaffolds that combine suitable mechanics, bioactivity, and osteoinductive cues for effective regeneration. This study developed 3D-printed polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) composite scaffolds via fused deposition modeling and enhanced their surface with in-situ zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) modification to promote osteogenic performance. Hydrothermally synthesized HA nanoparticles exhibited high crystallinity, <100 nm size, and ~23 m²/g specific surface area. The optimal PCL + 25 wt.% HA composition achieved a compressive modulus of ~0.36 GPa and strength of ~17 MPa, within the range reported for human trabecular bone. The scaffolds demonstrated controlled biodegradation ( ~ 15% weight loss after 28 days in PBS) and strong bioactivity, with progressive apatite mineralization confirmed by SEM, XRD, and ion concentration changes in simulated body fluid over 28 days. ZIF-8 surface functionalization enabled sustained, non-burst Zn²⁺ release (0.18-1.66 ppm over 28 days) within safe biological limits. In vitro assays using MG-63 cells showed significantly improved cell adhesion, proliferation (MTS assay), and osteogenic differentiation on ZIF-8-modified scaffolds compared to unmodified controls, evidenced by 2.1-fold higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and 2.5-fold higher BMP2 gene expression after 21 days of induction. These results demonstrate that the synergistic combination of HA reinforcement and controlled Zn²⁺ release from ZIF-8 provides a multifunctional scaffold platform for bone regeneration.
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