ArticlePloS one2026
Exploring the association between serum vitamins and CAP-defined hepatic steatosis in lean and non-lean adults with NAFLD: A cross-sectional study.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent worldwide, yet the role of serum vitamins in hepatic fat accumulation, particularly across lean and non-lean individuals, remains incompletely understood. This study evaluated associations between serum levels of vitamins A, C, D, and E and the degree of CAP-defined hepatic steatosis in lean and non-lean adults.
methodsData from the 2017-2018 NHANES were analyzed. Weighted multivariable linear regression was performed in lean and non-lean adults to assess the associations between serum vitamin levels and CAP-defined hepatic steatosis, using unadjusted, demographic-adjusted, and fully adjusted models.
resultsNo significant linear associations were observed between serum vitamin levels and the degree of hepatic steatosis in lean adults. A nonlinear association with serum vitamin C was observed, indicating a threshold effect. The association between vitamin C and the degree of liver fat accumulation also varied by diabetes status. In non-lean adults, serum vitamin C consistently showed an inverse association with CAP-defined hepatic steatosis (Model 2: β = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.25 to -0.07), as did vitamins A (β = -6.34, 95% CI: -10.43 to -2.25) and D (β = -0.13, 95% CI: -0.21 to -0.04).
conclusionHigher serum levels of vitamins A, C, and D were associated with lower CAP-defined hepatic steatosis in non-lean adults, while a nonlinear relationship involving vitamin C was observed in lean individuals. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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