ReviewBioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy2026
Programmed Cell Death Protein 1-Interleukin-2 Bispecific Agents for Cancer Therapy.
Review in BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) / Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy but are limited by low response rates and drug resistance. Interleukin-2 (IL-2), a potent T-cell activator, is clinically restricted due to regulatory T cell (Treg) activation and severe systemic toxicity. PD1-IL2 bispecific drugs, integrating PD-1 blockade and engineered IL-2 variants (IL-2v) into a single molecule, precisely regulate tumor microenvironment immunity to overcome these limitations. This review summarizes their latest progress, including the synergistic mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 and IL-2 signaling, molecular designs (e.g., βγ-biased IL-2v and Innovent's α-biased IBI363), and 'cis delivery' for targeted activation. Preclinical and clinical data (e.g., IBI363) show encouraging anti-tumor activity and improved safety in advanced tumors, benefiting PD-1-resistant patients. Challenges remain, such as unclear mechanisms, drug resistance, and long-term safety. Future advancements rely on optimized molecular design, combination therapies, and predictive biomarkers, driving PD1-IL2 bispecific drugs toward more precise and effective tumor immunotherapy for broader patient populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41973150What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.