ArticleJournal of medical virology2026
Changes in ANA Positivity Following SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Lombardy Region, Italy.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Changes in ANA Positivity Following SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Lombardy Region, Italy.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised concerns regarding its potential to induce autoimmune responses. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are hallmarks of systemic autoimmunity, and emerging evidence suggests their increased prevalence post-infection. This study aimed to assess ANA positivity rates and patterns of distribution before and after the onset of the pandemic in Lombardy, Italy. We conducted a historical analysis of 1879 matched Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and ANA records performed between March 2020 and December 2023. ANA positivity was assessed using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on Human Epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells and classified according to the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP). The extracted data were compared to the pre-pandemic period (2019). Cumulative risk analysis and Cox regression were used to evaluate associations among ANA and SARS-CoV-2 exposure, hospitalization, sex, and age. ANA positivity increased during the pandemic (42.4%) compared to 2019 (29.9%, p < 0.00001). Among SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, ANA positivity was more frequent (12.9% vs 6%, OR: 2.31, p < 0.001). Cox regression confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 infection (HR:1.397), female sex (HR:1.458), hospitalization (HR 5.369) and age (HR:1.003) were independently associated with the risk of ANA positivity. Time-to-event analysis revealed that ANA positivity risk was higher in the first pandemic phases, following original and alfa variants of SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to delta and omicron variants. Nuclear anti-topo I-like [anti-cell (AC)-29] pattern was more prevalent in SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased cumulative risk of ANA positivity in the Lombardy population, especially in the earlier phases of the pandemic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.