Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Exosomes in Lung Cancer.

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a five-year survival rate of only 26%, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. Exosomes, nanosized extracellular vesicles released by nearly all cell types, have emerged as promising tools in both diagnostics and therapeutics. Their unique composition containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids reflects the molecular profile of their cell of origin, making them excellent candidates for non-invasive early detection biomarkers. For therapeutic applications, exosomes offer biocompatible, low-immunogenicity platforms capable of delivering diverse therapeutic agents, including small molecules, siRNAs, and antimetabolites, directly to tumor cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Functionalization strategies, such as folic acid tagging, have further enhanced tumor specificity, especially in cancers with high folate receptors. However, clinical translation is hindered by challenges including lack of standardized isolation and characterization methods, high production costs, and regulatory uncertainties. Despite these limitations, ongoing research continues to optimize exosome production, targeting, and integration with conventional therapies. Milk- and colostrum-derived exosomes have shown promising potential due to their abundance, scalability, oral bioavailability, and safety. Collectively, exosomes represent a transformative approach in lung cancer management, with the potential to improve early diagnosis, enhance therapeutic efficacy, and reduce adverse effects, thereby offering a path toward more personalized and effective cancer care.