ArticleArthritis care & research2026
Cracking the Code: Which Ocular Symptoms Predict Dry Eye Signs? Insights From a Large International Sicca Registry.
Article in Arthritis care & research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThe study aimed to identify symptom-based predictors of dry eye disease (DED) signs in the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) cohort.
methodsWe performed a retrospective analysis examining 16 ocular symptoms (most graded 0-4) and artificial tear (AT) use (graded 0-3) as predictors of DED signs (abnormal ocular surface staining [OSS] and Schirmer's test [ST], graded yes/no). Symptoms included descriptors of spontaneous and evoked pain, visual complaints, and other metrics (eg, redness). Logistic regressions were used for univariable and multivariable analyses, with OSS and ST as outcome variables. Hierarchical analyses were performed to identify symptom-based clusters.
resultsThe mean age of the population (n = 3,514) was 53 ± 13 years; 91% were female, 54% were White, and 44% met 2016 criteria for Sjögren disease. On multivariable analysis, OSS was positively related to AT use (odds ratio [OR] 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-1.67), eye redness (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.26), and blurred vision (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.20). Similarly, eyes that felt dry, AT use, and blurred vision were positively related to ST. Cluster analysis revealed three groups with varied symptom burden (low, mild-moderate, and high). The mild-moderate cluster had higher frequencies of abnormal ocular signs and positive serologic test results (anti-SSA/Ro antibody, elevated IgG level) compared to the high symptom burden cluster.
conclusionAT use and blurred vision were stronger indicators of ocular surface and tear film abnormalities than pain symptoms, and their presence merits an ophthalmology referral. Symptom-based clustering revealed varied symptom burden groups, likely driven by underlying neurotrophic and neuropathic mechanisms, highlighting heterogeneity within sicca presentations and the need to develop phenotype-based targeted therapies.
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