ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Immuno-inflammatory axis of menopausal dry eye: from hormonal fluctuations to ocular surface dysregulation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Menopause is a significant risk factor for dry eye disease (DED), conventionally explained by estrogen deficiency and diminished tear production. Recent evidence, however, highlights the pivotal role of immune-inflammatory mechanisms in its development. This mini-review aims to integrate contemporary insights into the immuno-inflammatory pathways active in menopausal DED, clarifying how variations in sex hormones initiate and perpetuate immune dysregulation within the ocular surface microenvironment. We propose that menopausal DED is not solely a disorder of inadequate lubrication but rather a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory state, propelled by hormonal shifts. Its pathology is defined by a self-sustaining cycle of T cell-led inflammation, loss of goblet cells, and neurosensory dysfunction, which together exacerbate ocular surface impairment and clinical symptoms.
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