Navigating tipping points: A complex systems framework for anticipating lake ecosystem collapse.

Lake ecosystems are susceptible to catastrophic risks, characterized by abrupt and large-scale transitions that substantially degrade ecological integrity and compromise provision of essential ecosystem services. To better understand these risks, a systems science perspective is essential, one that captures the complexity, nonlinearity, and emergent properties inherent in lake ecosystem dynamics. In this review, we synthesize the current understanding of catastrophic risks in lake ecosystems through complex adaptive systems and emphasize the feedback loops, bifurcations, and tipping points that drive regime shifts and ecosystem reorganization. Advancements in early warning signals offer promise for proactive risk management. Temporal indicators, spatial patterns, and network-based metrics can foreshadow tipping points. However, their application requires context-specific validation, because lakes exhibit heterogeneous responses to stressors. Key drivers such as eutrophication, climate change, invasive species, and anthropogenic-driven land use change interact synergistically, exacerbating systemic risks. Effective management requires resilience-building strategies, including adaptive governance, nutrient control, and restoration of buffer mechanisms. We advocate integrating dynamic modeling with multiscale monitoring to refine and optimize interventions. Future research directions should focus on unifying empirical data with theoretical frameworks, increasing the reliability of early warning signals, addressing the cascading effects of global change, and the application of artificial intelligence in monitoring and early warning. By integrating systems theory with applied limnology, this review helps guide research and policy efforts toward mitigating catastrophic risks in lake ecosystems.