ReviewFrontiers in oncology2026
Breast cancer pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive review.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cytotoxic Activity and In Silico Study of Secondary Metabolites Derived fromMarine drugs · 2026Article
- Sarcopenia in breast cancer: prognostic values and emerging therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer continues to be the leading global health concern and cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with about 20 million new cases and 9.7 million deaths estimated globally based on GLOBOCAN 2022 data. Breast cancer exhibits unique epidemiological patterns and heterogeneity that influence several characteristic features including tumor development, metastatic potential, treatment response, and outcomes. The knowledge of the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and microenvironmental factors is critical for developing better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out to review and compile the progress made in the field of breast cancer epidemiology, molecular subtypes, pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies. The focus was on genetic susceptibility, hormonal and behavioral risk factors, tumor microenvironment, novel biomarkers, novel imaging and liquid biopsy techniques, and novel treatment strategies, besides recent advances in bioinformatics and AI-based analyses. Results: Breast cancer can be broadly classified into major molecular subtypes i.e., triple-negative breast cancers, Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER2-enriched. Each subtype exhibits unique biological behavior and therapeutic vulnerabilities. Tumor growth is driven by intricate interactions between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune cells, inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix remodeling, hypoxia, cancer stemness, cellular senescence, and metabolic dysregulation. Progress in diagnostics have been made, with the integration of molecular characterization, genomics, and non-invasive liquid biopsies, in addition to traditional imaging and histopathology. Therapeutic modalities have expanded beyond conventional approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation to modern day approaches such as targeted therapies, antibody-drug conjugates, immunotherapy, plant and nanomedicine-based therapies, and new cellular therapies. Also, computational biology and artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches are now rapidly increasing for biomarker identification, treatment decision-making, and patient outcome prediction. Conclusion: In summary, the current review provides an updated and comprehensive prospective in complex nature of breast cancer development, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.