ReviewCureus2026
Anesthetic Neuroprotection Based on Ion-Channel-Modulating Drugs in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of disability and mortality. Secondary brain injury, driven by ionic imbalance, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation, plays a critical role in neurological deterioration. Ion-channel dysregulation, particularly calcium overload and sustained membrane depolarization, represents a key therapeutic target. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence (2020-2025) on anesthetic agents that modulate ion channels in acute TBI. Dexmedetomidine, ketamine, propofol, volatile anesthetics, nimodipine, magnesium, lidocaine, and xenon exert neuroprotective effects through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism, sodium- and calcium-channel modulation, enhancement of inhibitory signaling, and stabilization of neuronal excitability. Preclinical studies demonstrate reduced apoptosis, preserved mitochondrial function, and attenuation of excitotoxic injury. Clinical translation remains limited by heterogeneity in injury patterns and study design. Nonetheless, a mechanism-guided approach to anesthetic selection, aligned with predominant secondary injury pathways and hemodynamic priorities, may enhance neuroprotective strategies in both neuro-intensive care unit (ICU) and intraoperative settings. Further high-quality clinical trials are required to define the optimal role of ion-channel-modulating anesthetics in TBI management.
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