Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41969369›Full record

ArticleCerebral circulation - cognition and behavior2026

Associations between retinal microvasculature and cognition in middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes without overt neurological symptoms.

Iiris Kyläheiko, Aleksi Tarkkonen, Linda Kuusela, Juha Martola, Teemu I Paajanen, Jussi Virkkala, Ward Fickweiler, George L King, Jennifer K Sun, Joni A Turunen and 8 more

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Article in Cerebral circulation - cognition and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Iiris KyläheikoDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3) 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Aleksi TarkkonenMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
Linda KuuselaHUS Medical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029 HUS, Finland.
Juha MartolaHUS Medical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029 HUS, Finland.
Teemu I PaajanenOccupational Health Unit, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 b, 00250 Helsinki, Finland.
Jussi VirkkalaDepartment of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029 HUS, Finland.
Ward FickweilerJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
George L KingJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Jennifer K SunJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Joni A TurunenFolkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
Marika I ErikssonFolkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
Per-Henrik GroopFolkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
Lena M ThornFolkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
Turgut TatlisumakDepartment of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå stråket 7, plan 3, Sahlgrenska 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
Jukka PutaalaDepartment of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00029 HUS, Finland.
Hanna JokinenDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 21 (Haartmaninkatu 3) 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Daniel GordinMinerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
FinnDiane Study Group

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aims: Type 1 diabetes is a risk factor for retinal microvascular pathology, cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), and cognitive deficits. In older individuals with type 1 diabetes, decreased vessel densities of superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) retinal capillary plexuses have been associated with cognitive impairment. We assessed whether these associations are already evident in midlife among individuals without overt neurological symptoms. We also investigated whether cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), manifestations of cSVD, modify these associations. Methods: We measured vessel density of the SCP and DCP, and area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in macular 3×3 mm optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images and performed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and brain MRI in 153 adults with type 1 diabetes (age 46.4±7.5 years, diabetes duration 30.7±10.1 years). Results: In univariate analyses, SCP, DCP, and FAZ were related to measures of processing speed and executive functions (standardized Conclusions: Enlarged FAZ was associated with poorer working memory performance independently of confounding factors. Otherwise, age largely explained the associations between retinal microvascular structure and cognition in middle-aged individuals with type 1 diabetes without any overt neurological symptoms.

Indexed as

Cerebral small vessel diseaseCognitionOptical coherence tomography angiographyRetinaType 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41969369
PMCPMC13066947

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.