Europium- and dysprosium-modified strontium aluminate: A luminescent marker system for enhanced gunshot residue detection.

Forensic ballistics is essential in analyzing evidence from firearm use in criminal investigations, with gunshot residue (GSR) detection providing key information about the firearm and shooting conditions. Traditional methods like spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have limitations in sensitivity, cost, and accessibility. Luminescent markers, especially lanthanide-doped aluminates, offer a promising alternative by enabling residue visualization under specific lighting without complex equipment. This study evaluates europium- and dysprosium-doped strontium aluminate as a luminescent marker for GSR detection. The compound was characterized by SEM-EDS, laser diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Three concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w relative to the propellant mass) were tested, revealing an average particle size of 64.43 μm, monocyclic structure, and high thermal stability. SEM-EDS confirmed marker presence on target surfaces, and UV illumination allowed clear residue visualization post-discharge. The 15% concentration showed optimal adhesion and persistence. These results suggest europium- and dysprosium-doped strontium aluminate as a promising tool for rapid and accurate GSR detection in forensic applications, complemented by a literature review on current GSR identification techniques.