Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41968437›Full record

ArticleCanadian respiratory journal2026

Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Prevalence of Depression Among US Adults.

Jixiang Liu, Yichong Wang, Ning Ding, Shengsheng Zhang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Canadian respiratory journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jixiang LiuGraduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North 3rd Ring East Road Chaoyang, Beijing, 100029, China, bucm.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0003-1179-4443
Yichong WangDepartment of Gastroenterology, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, ccmu.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0002-7580-4906
Ning DingDepartment of Gastroenterology, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, ccmu.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0001-8291-6212
Shengsheng ZhangDepartment of Gastroenterology, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, ccmu.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0003-0457-1727

Funding

National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine [2021]203
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe prevalence of depressive symptoms increased significantly in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and remained elevated even as lockdown policies were eased. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of the pandemic's long-term effects on depressive disorders is critical.

methodsA repeated cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health Interview Survey collected before (2017-2018) and during the later stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (August 2021-August 2023). χ

resultsThe prevalence of depressive symptoms in the later stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (12.7%) was significantly higher than prepandemic levels (9.1%). Specifically, the incidence rates for mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depressive symptoms increased by 1.24-fold, 1.44-fold, 1.38-fold, and 1.71-fold, respectively, compared to prepandemic levels. Higher risk of developing depressive disorders persisted among those who were widowed/divorced/separated, never married, and with lower education or income. Prepandemic protective factors such as lower systemic inflammatory response index, no smoking or drinking, and no hypertension history became less effective. Males and females aged 20-40 exhibited the highest probability of developing depressive symptoms in the later stage of the pandemic. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design prevents inference of causality.

conclusionsThe persistence of mental health disparities highlights the need for sustained efforts from the government, mental healthcare organizations, and healthcare providers to support vulnerable groups even beyond the pandemic.

Indexed as

COVID-19DepressionAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPandemicsPrevalenceRisk FactorsSARS-CoV-2United StatesYoung AdultCOVID-19depressionpandemic

Identifiers

PMID41968437
PMCPMC13070868

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.