Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41968205›Full record

ArticleNatural products and bioprospecting2026

Limonene and its metabolite perillyl alcohol inhibit Chlamydia trachomatis growth by altering host isoprenoid metabolism.

Pilar Cebollada, Inés Reigada, Maarit Ylätalo, Candela Gerediaga, Víctor López, Leena Hanski

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Natural products and bioprospecting, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Pilar CebolladaDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Saragossa, Spain.
Inés Reigada *Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Maarit Ylätalo *Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Candela GerediagaDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Saragossa, Spain.
Víctor LópezDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Saragossa, Spain.
Leena HanskiDrug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. leena.hanski@helsinki.fi.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-8542

Funding

research council of finland 358425Universidad San Jorge 2425013
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally, with approximately 131 million new cases each year. It contributes to widespread reproductive health issues, including infertility and chronic pelvic pain. The unique cell morphology and biphasic life cycle pose challenges to their effective eradication. Guided by the identification of essential oils (EOs) capable of suppressing C. trachomatis intracellular growth, this study evaluated the antichlamydial properties of the monoterpene limonene and its metabolites perillyl alcohol and perilic acid. The antichlamydial activity was assessed through qPCR-based quantification of bacterial genome copy numbers and immunofluorescence staining of chlamydial inclusions to monitor bacterial growth and infectious progeny production. Elementary body membrane integrity was assessed with viability PCR. Citrus limon essential oil exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of C. trachomatis growth, decreasing infectious progeny by over 90%. Pinus sylvestris EO displayed consistent but non-dose-dependent effects. Limonene, a major constituent of the EOs, exhibited significant suppression of chlamydial growth and progeny production, particularly for its R-enantiomer. While viability-PCR data indicated that the EOs and limonene affected EB membrane permeability, EB infectivity was not affected by the treatments. Perillyl alcohol suppressed chlamydial growth at a lower concentration (100 µg mL

Indexed as

Intracellular bacteriaMembrane structural integrityMonoterpenPerillyl alcoholProtein prenylation

Identifiers

PMID41968205
PMCPMC13070884

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.