ArticleScientific reports2026
Genomic investigation of Mycobacterium bovis in bulk unpasteurized dairy products in Ardabil Province, Iran.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Zoonotic tuberculosis is predominantly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Given the paucity of molecular data on this pathogen and the prominence of the traditional dairy industry in Ardabil Province, this study aimed to investigate the genomic presence of M. bovis in unpasteurized dairy products using a multi-gene targeting approach. In this cross-sectional study conducted in 2024, a total of 150 bulk unpasteurized dairy samples, comprising raw milk (n = 50), traditional cheese (n = 50), and artisanal yogurt (n = 50), were collected from various districts of Ardabil Province. Genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to molecular screening using conventional PCR. The detection strategy targeted the IS6110 element for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, followed by 16 S rRNA and gyrB gene amplification for species confirmation. PCR products were validated via Sanger sequencing, and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 26.0). Out of 150 samples analyzed, PCR screening based on the IS6110 insertion element revealed that 21 samples (14%) contained DNA belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Subsequent species-specific confirmation targeting the gyrB gene identified M. bovis in 12 samples (8%). The highest prevalence was observed in raw milk (14%, 7/50), followed by traditional cheese (8%, 4/50), while yogurt samples showed the lowest contamination (2%, 1/50). Statistical analysis indicated a significant association between product type and M. bovis contamination (p = 0.044), specifically in raw milk. Based on the findings of our study, the presence of M. bovis DNA in bulk unpasteurized dairy products from Ardabil Province indicates a potential risk of human transmission. However, the lack of culture-based confirmation limits conclusions regarding bacterial viability. These results underscore the importance of culture-based studies, enhanced veterinary surveillance, control of unpasteurized dairy consumption, and increased public awareness within a One Health framework to mitigate the risk of zoonotic tuberculosis.
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