ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2026
Plasma GDF-15 Levels Are Associated With HIV Reservoir Markers Independently of Inflammation in People With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Elevated Plasma GDF-15 Levels are Associated with the Immune Non-Responder Phenotype in People with HIV.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- miR-23a-3p as a Biomarker Associated with Prediabetes in People Living with HIV: An Integrative Analysis of Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Insulin Resistance Signatures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeople with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) have increased risks of non-AIDS comorbidities. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a mitokine released upon mitochondrial stress and is a validated aging biomarker. Herein, we assessed associations between plasma GDF-15 levels, inflammation, and HIV reservoir markers in ART-treated people with HIV (PWH).
methodsBlood samples were collected from 78 ART-naive, 140 ART-treated PWH (median ART duration, 15.6 years) and 83 uninfected control participants. GDF-15 and markers of inflammation were quantified in plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiplex assays. Integrated HIV DNA levels were measured in isolated CD4 T cells by ultrasensitive quantitative Alu polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular GDF-15 production was assessed ex vivo by flow cytometry, and in supernatants by ELISA after in vitro stimulations.
resultsPlasma GDF-15 levels were higher in ART-treated PWH compared to ART-naive PWH or controls, independently of age. Ex vivo, GDF-15 was produced by classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes, but absent in T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Plasma and monocyte intracellular GDF-15 levels correlated strongly (r = 0.96, P = .002). Plasma GDF-15 levels did not correlate with the majority of inflammatory markers quantified in plasma. Conversely, plasma GDF-15 levels correlated with the validated non-AIDS inflammatory comorbidity marker suPAR (soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; r = 0.59, P < .001), as well as with integrated HIV DNA levels in CD4+ T cells (r = 0.47, P < .01).
conclusionsPlasma levels of GDF-15, mainly produced by monocytes, were positively associated with HIV reservoir markers and coincided with increased level of suPAR, suggesting that HIV persistence is associated with increased mitochondrial stress and comorbidity risks in ART-treated PWH.
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