ArticleAmbio2026
Assessing scaling strategies for nature-based solutions: An indicator-based analysis of policy documents in the Canary Islands.
Article in Ambio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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2 authors.
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Abstract
As nature-based solutions (NBS) gain momentum in global and EU agendas for climate, biodiversity, and societal challenges, a key question is how to scale them beyond isolated interventions. This study examines three complementary scaling strategies: scaling-out (spatial expansion), scaling-up (institutional adoption), and scaling-deep (cultural integration), within the Canary Islands' multi-level governance system. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of 23 policy documents, identifying 445 NBS proposals across four intervention types and 14 ecosystem-based sub-types. These proposals were assessed using 11 quantitative indicators that measure spatial distribution, governance and sectoral integration, and decision-makers' values. Findings show uneven progress across strategies. Scaling out is the most advanced. Scaling up is constrained by limited actor diversity and weak collaborations, although municipal actors show bottom-up potential. Scaling deep is least developed, with multifunctional design rare and isolated. Collaborative proposals address a few goals, limiting multifunctionality. We conclude with practical and research directions to strengthen interconnections among scaling strategies.
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