ArticleInternational journal of health policy and management2025
Developing Integrated Extended Pharmacist Roles and Services for Equitable Access and Outcomes in Primary Healthcare: A Realist Evaluation.
Article in International journal of health policy and management, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and initial psychometric evaluation of the Indonesian PSPSQ 2.0 in community pharmacies and public primary healthcare centres.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Beyond descriptive SWOT in pharmacy strategy: A quantitative framework for leaders, managers and educators from prioritization to strategic response.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Pharmacists' role in recognising medication-related oral health risks in aged care: a qualitative study of pharmacists' and dentists' perspectives.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPharmacists' roles have been moving from dispensing towards more patient-focused extended clinical care, signalling changes in health service policy and delivery. This paper evaluates the development of practice pharmacists' roles and services in primary healthcare (PHC) settings in New Zealand (Aotearoa), how services were implemented, and how pharmacists, patients, and other PHC professionals responded to role and service developments.
methodsWe applied a realist evaluation methodology, identifying context (C) into which initiatives are introduced, mechanism (M) triggered or attenuated by the context, and resulting outcome (O). CMO configurations were developed, tested and refined through rapid realist review, key informant interviews, six case studies, and a national survey. Although not every project stage is fully documented in this paper, each contributed to the final theories. The desired outcome was defined as:
resultsFour programme theories, based on 22 CMO configurations, showed how contexts and mechanisms at national, service, role, and patient levels could enable or attenuate reaching the desired outcome; for example, through a burning platform for change, supportive colleagues and infrastructure, well-fitting roles, and patient awareness, or conversely through, disjointed leadership, limited understanding and role uncertainty, and lack of access to practice pharmacists. Funding, regardless of source, operated across all levels as context and mechanism.
conclusionPractice pharmacist services operate within multiple contexts and levels; their development and implementation requires a systems view. Opportunities exist to achieve the desired outcome by strengthening enabling contexts or reducing barriers within attenuating contexts. Policy-makers now need to focus on equitable service distribution, sustainable ways to fund and employ practice pharmacists, and the equity impact of patient copayments.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.