ArticleBMC medical imaging2026
Evaluation of large language models for VI-RADS reports: a comparative analysis of zero-shot and few-shot prompting.
Article in BMC medical imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAccurate preoperative staging is vital in bladder cancer management, particularly for assessing muscle invasion. Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) combined with the Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) offers a non-invasive and standardized approach for tumor stratification. However, inter-observer variability among radiologists remains a significant limitation. This study investigates the performance of three large language models (LLMs)—ChatGPT (OpenAI; GPT-5.2), Gemini (Google; Gemini 2.0), and Copilot (Microsoft; Copilot based on GPT-5 architecture)—in classifying bladder lesions according to VI-RADS using zero-shot and few-shot prompting strategies. MATERIALS AND
methodsA synthetic dataset of 100 simulated bladder cancer cases was developed from expert-crafted synthetic radiology reports based on structured text descriptors and expert consensus, comprising 20 cases for each VI-RADS category (1–5). Each case included structured imaging descriptors aligned with VI-RADS scoring criteria. The LLMs were evaluated under zero-shot (no examples provided) and few-shot (with illustrative examples) prompting conditions. Performance metrics included accuracy, macro F1 scores, and Cohen’s kappa, with statistical significance assessed using McNemar’s test.
resultsFew-shot prompting significantly improved the classification performance of ChatGPT (OpenAI; GPT-5.2) (accuracy: 94%, F1: 0.939) and Gemini (Google; Gemini 2.0) (accuracy: 83%, F1: 0.823) compared to zero-shot. In contrast, Copilot (Microsoft; Copilot based on GPT-5 architecture)‘s accuracy (53%) and F1 score (0.503) declined under few-shot conditions. ChatGPT (OpenAI; GPT-5.2) demonstrated the highest consistency in identifying high-risk lesions (VI-RADS 4–5), followed by Gemini (Google; Gemini 2.0).
conclusionFew-shot prompting enhances LLM performance in VI-RADS classification, particularly for ChatGPT (OpenAI; GPT-5.2) and Gemini (Google; Gemini 2.0). These findings highlight the potential of AI tools to support radiological decision-making in bladder cancer staging. Further studies using real imaging data and explainable AI are warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.