ArticleScientific reports2026
Microstructural characterization and creep response of Gleeble-simulated heat-affected zone of electron beam welded Grade 91 steel.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The manuscript presents microstructure and creep behavior of Gleeble-simulated heat-affected zones (HAZs) representative of electron beam (EB)-welded Grade 91 steel joints. Using phase transformation temperatures from dilatometry studies, the Gleeble simulator was employed to replicate the microstructures of coarse-grain (CGHAZ), fine-grain (FGHAZ), and intercritical (ICHAZ) regions constituting the narrow HAZ in EB weld joints. Vickers hardness of simulated HAZ specimens ranged from 235 ± 5 HV (CGHAZ) to 195 ± 5 HV (ICHAZ), closely matching values in the corresponding weld joint regions. Microstructural comparisons further substantiated the successful HAZ replication, with CGHAZ showing marginal grain coarsening, finer M23C6 carbides and a higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries. In contrast, FGHAZ and ICHAZ exhibited coarser carbides and finer grains compared to the base metal. A custom-designed creep specimen, developed in this study, enabled precise evaluation of creep performance of Gleeble simulated microstructures pertaining to localised regimes of very narrow HAZ, overcoming the limitations of standard specimen geometries. The creep behavior of simulated HAZ specimens was evaluated at 873 K and 160 MPa and compared with the base metal and EB weld joint. Among the simulated regions, CGHAZ showed a ~ 17.5-times increase in creep rupture life compared to base metal, attributed to refined microstructural features. In contrast, ICHAZ retained only ~ 5% of the base metal’s life, highlighting the adverse effects of limited grain boundary pinning and coarsened carbides.
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