ArticleJournal of translational medicine2026
Extracellular vesicles from activated Vδ2 T cells inhibit viral replication and enhance adaptive antiviral immunity.
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundVδ2 T cells are promising candidates for approaches of immunotherapy due to their unique pleiotropic functions; they were recently shown to enhance antiviral protection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients via innate effector activity and modulation of virus-specific adaptive T-cell response. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are key carriers of immunomodulatory signals and Vδ2-derived EVs (Vδ2-EVs) exhibit antitumor activity but their role in viral infection remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct and immunomodulatory antiviral functions of Vδ2-EVs in healthy subjects and HSCT patients.
methodsThe direct antiviral activity of Vδ2-EVs were tested in vitro using a model of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication. The immunomodulatory antiviral activities of Vδ2-EVs were evaluated in both healthy donors and HSCT recipients by functional immunological assays (cytokine release and proliferation capability of virus-specific T cells). Finally, their molecular cargo was characterized through miRNA sequencing.
resultsOur findings reveal that Vδ2-EVs efficiently inhibit CMV replication, reducing the frequency of CMV-infected fibroblast cells. Moreover, Vδ2-EVs are taken up by myeloid cells and were able to activate antigen-presenting cells, leading to an increased frequency of CMV-specific T cells, as measured by IFN-γ production. Accordingly, Vδ2-EVs enhanced the proliferation of CMV-specific T-cell clones in HSCT pediatric recipients. Finally, the analysis of miRNA content in Vδ2-EVs highlighted the enrichment of miRNAs that target genes regulating critical antiviral response processes such as SOCS1.
conclusionsAltogether, this study provides new insights into the antiviral functions of Vδ2-EVs and underscores their translational therapeutic potential as modulators of antiviral immunity in immunocompromised settings.
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