Fabrication and optimization of a hybrid 3D-printed flexible electrochemical biosensor for sensitive detection of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, an associated wildfire exposure biomarker.

Yonghao Fu, Chuchu Chen, Xinyi Li, Yang Song, Christopher D Simpson, Luke P Naeher, Kaiyan Qiu, Dan Du

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Talanta, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yonghao FuSchool of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.

Chuchu ChenSchool of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States.

Xinyi LiSchool of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States.

Yang SongSchool of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States.

Christopher D SimpsonDepartment of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.

Luke P NaeherDepartment of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, United States.

Kaiyan QiuSchool of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States. Electronic address: kaiyan.qiu@wsu.edu.

Dan DuSchool of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, United States. Electronic address: annie.du@wsu.edu.

Funding

NIOSH CDC HHS R01 OH012579

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from wood smoke are harmful to human health. In this study, an innovative 3D-printed flexible electrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG), a major metabolite of PAHs in human urine. The proposed biosensor integrated competitive immunoassay and electrochemical analysis to enhance detection specificity and sensitivity. Three 3D printing techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), and direct ink writing (DIW), were synergistically combined to improve performance and reduce fabrication costs of the biosensor. Polylactic acid/carbon black-based electrodes were produced via FDM printing and activated through chemical treatment using N,N-dimethylformamide, 0.5 M H

Indexed as

Biosensing TechniquesElectrochemical TechniquesGlucuronatesPrinting, Three-DimensionalBiomarkersElectrodesHumansImmunoassayPyrenes1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronideBiomarkersGlucuronatesPyrenes1-Hydroxypyrene glucuronide3D-printed electrochemical biosensor3D printingCompetitive immunoassayWood smoke biomarker

Identifiers

PMID41962439

DOI10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129778

PMCPMC13333783

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceTDM

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.