Topology-aware design of spiking neural networks via modular graph architectures.

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically plausible and energy-efficient alternative to traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs), yet their design remains constrained by limited architectural flexibility and slow training dynamics. In this work, we introduce a novel SNN framework that leverages modular graph-based topologies and explicit synaptic delays to significantly enhance both training efficiency and classification performance. Our architecture, TANet-Tiny, incorporates structured graph stages with up to 32 nodes and diverse community-driven connectivity patterns derived from KMeans clustering, Louvain modularity, and Watts-Strogatz small-world models. We integrate these topologies into a topology-aware search space and explore them via a Spatio-Temporal Topology Sampling (STTS) approach, enabling the discovery of high-performing networks without exhaustive search. Experimental results on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100 demonstrate that our modular designs achieve state-of-the-art accuracy while requiring 6-10 × fewer training epochs, with top-1 accuracy reaching 99.57% on MNIST and over 92% on CIFAR-10, all with reduced parameter counts. We introduce an accuracy-per-epoch metric to quantify training efficiency and show that modularity, rather than network size, is the critical driver of performance. This work lays the groundwork for scalable, interpretable, and low-latency SNN architectures suitable for deployment in neuromorphic and edge computing environments.