ArticleAnnals of medicine2026
The global burden of traumatic brain injury in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Article in Annals of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Modernizing Brain Injury Services in British Columbia: Developing Research Priorities for Children and Youth with Acquired Brain Injury.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of global disability among young adults, with burdens distributed unevenly across socio-demographic contexts.
methodsUsing Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we analyzed TBI prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) for individuals aged 15-49 years across 204 countries (1990-2021). Age-standardized rates were calculated via Bayesian meta-regression (DisMod-MR 2.1), and temporal trends were assessed using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Associations with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) were examined via correlation and regression.
resultsGlobally, prevalent TBI cases rose from 12.53 million in 1990 to 14.99 million in 2021. Conversely, age-standardized prevalence and YLD rates declined (EAPC -0.81 and -0.78, respectively). Geographically, rates increased in high-income Asia Pacific and North America but decreased elsewhere. Prevalence was consistently higher in males, peaking in the 45-49 age group. Road injuries and falls were the primary risk factors; these dominated in high-SDI regions, whereas conflict-related injuries prevailed in low-SDI settings. Age-standardized rates correlated positively with SDI (
conclusionAlthough age-standardized TBI rates have decreased, the absolute burden has grown due to population growth and shifting demographics. These findings emphasize the necessity of age-, sex-, and region-specific prevention and rehabilitation strategies to mitigate the ongoing impact of TBI.
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