ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
Melatonin enhances the antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy in a murine bladder cancer model.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy in Bladder Cancer (BC) is the standard adjuvant therapy with challenges such as limited efficacy and recurrence. We aimed to assess the synergistic antitumor effects of melatonin and BCG in vivo.
methodsThe xerograph C57BL/6J mice model developed with injection of 2.0 × 10⁶ MB49 cells. After two weeks, mice were grouped: control (PBS + DMSO), melatonin (200 µg), high-dose BCG (HDBCG, 3.0 × 10⁶ CFU), melatonin with low-dose BCG (LDBCG + MLT, 1.0 × 10⁶ CFU), and melatonin with HDBCG (HDBCG + MLT). At the end of the study the histologically was assessed for proliferation, microangiogenesis, and inflammation. Complete blood counts (CBC), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR.
resultsThe HDBCG + MLT decreased tumor weight and volume compared with to LDBCG + MLT and HDBCG alone (p < 0.05). Histopathology showed HDBCG + MLT increased apoptosis and immune cell infiltration, with reduced mitotic figures and micro-vessel density. Serological analysis indicates HDBCG alone induced significant increases in WBC count and CRP levels, whereas co-administration of melatonin markedly attenuated these elevations (p < 0.05) without altering ESR. In HDBCG + MLT group, BAX, P53, Syn3, E-cadherin, IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ upregulated, while BCL-2, VEGF-A, HIF-1α, and TGF-α downregulated.
conclusionsCo-administration of melatonin enhanced the antitumor efficacy of BCG immunotherapy in BC, as evidenced by increased apoptosis and immune cell infiltration, along with marked suppression of angiogenesis and the EMT pathway.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41961139What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.