ArticleFrontiers in toxicology2026
Article in Frontiers in toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) readily penetrate the respiratory tract and cross the air-liquid interface (ALI), yet their in vitro deposition behavior and dose uniformity remain poorly characterized. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the delivered concentration in the basolateral compartment and inter-transwell variability of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), acetone, and benzyl alcohol (BA) in a six-transwell ALI exposure system. VOCs were generated by atomization at airflow rates of 0.2-3 L/min and delivered for 1-2 h. Delivered concentrations were quantified using photoionization detection or UV-Vis spectroscopy, and aerosol characteristics were monitored by scanning mobility particle sizing. Results: Despite rapid evaporation and predominantly vapor-phase transport of IPA and acetone, and semi-volatile aerosol BA, VOC delivery to the ALI was reproducible and spatially uniform. IPA and acetone exposures produced coefficients of variation (CVs) below 10% and 16%, respectively, across transwells, whereas benzyl alcohol exhibited higher variability (CV ≤ 19%) due to its lower vapor pressure and higher viscosity. No statistically significant positional differences were observed under any exposure condition. Discussion: These findings indicate that volatile organic compounds delivered to the ALI undergo diffusion-driven gas-liquid delivery, resulting in a relatively uniform spatial distribution. This study provides exposure-relevant delivery characterization for VOCs and semi-VOCs in ALI systems, supporting future NAM-based inhalation studies without implying biological dose equivalence.
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