ArticleConservation physiology2026
Metabolic costs of submerged activity in three species of Arctic seals.
Article in Conservation physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Arctic seals live in dynamic environments characterized by the seasonal advancement and retreat of sea ice. These amphibious marine mammals rely on sea ice as a haul-out substrate for rest and key life-history events, but they spend the majority of their time in the water. Current and predicted sea ice loss highlights the importance of estimating the costs of in-water activities when modelling the energy budgets of free-ranging seals under changing conditions. Yet, activity-specific costs are not available for many affected species. We used open-flow respirometry to measure and compare resting metabolic rates with the energetic costs of submerged diving and swimming in spotted (
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