Combining Token Classification With Large Language Model Revision for Age-Friendly 4M Entity Recognition From Nursing Home Text Messages: Development and Evaluation Study.

Background: Secure text messages (TMs) exchanged among interdisciplinary care teams in nursing homes (NHs) contain clinical information that aligns with the Age-Friendly Health Systems 4Ms: What Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a multi-stage 4M Entity Recognition (4M-ER) pipeline that combines a fine-tuned token classifier with large language model (LLM) revision, using only locally deployed open-source models, to improve 4M information extraction from clinical TMs. Methods: We used an expert-annotated dataset of 1,169 TMs representing conversations between interdisciplinary care teams across 16 Midwest NHs. The pipeline first identifies candidate text spans using a fine-tuned Bio-ClinicalBERT token classifier. A semantic similarity retriever then selects in-context exemplars to guide an LLM revision in which the LLM (Gemma, Phi, Qwen, or Mistral) performs boundary correction, label evaluation, and selective acceptance or rejection of candidate spans. Baselines for comparison included single-stage zero-shot LLMs, single-stage fine-tuned Bio-ClinicalBERT, and a fine-tuned LLM (Gemma) from a prior study. Ablation studies assessed the contribution of each pipeline stage and the effect of message filtering. Robustness was evaluated across 5 repeated runs. Results: The 4M-ER pipeline outperformed the previously fine-tuned Gemma LLM across all 4M domains, achieving F Conclusions: The 4M-ER pipeline enables accurate and scalable extraction of 4M entities from clinical TMs by combining fine-tuned Bio-ClinicalBERT with LLM revision using only locally deployed open-source models. The structured 4M data produced by the pipeline can support 4M taxonomy and ontology construction, as demonstrated in the prior work, and provides a foundation for downstream applications including real-time clinical surveillance, compliance with emerging age-friendly quality measures, and predictive modeling in long-term care settings.