ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2026
Child poverty and declining measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in England, 2015 to 2024. A longitudinal ecological study at local area level.
Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: To assess the contribution of changing child poverty rates to trends in measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination. Design: Longitudinal area-level analysis using within-between models to assess the association of increases in child poverty within-areas on MMR vaccination. Setting: 148 upper-tier local authorities in England from 2015 and 2024. Participants: Children aged 5 years or younger eligible for MMR vaccination in England between 2015 and 2024. 6,468,620 children aged 24 months were included in the study and 6,907,640 aged 5 years. Exposures: Child poverty rates for each upper-tier local authority, measured as the percentage of children aged 0 to 15 living in households below 60% of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) median, before housing costs. Outcome Measures: MMR 1 Results: Over the study period, MMR 1 Conclusion: Rising child poverty rates have contributed to a decrease in MMR vaccination in children in England. Action to reduce child poverty is needed to improve childhood vaccination uptake alongside policies and interventions specific to vaccination and infectious disease prevention.
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