Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41959528›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026

Contribution of cytotoxic CD8 T cells, neutrophils and type 1 interferon signaling to hyperinflammation in HIV-associated TB meningitis.

James R Barnacle, Nonzwakazi Bangani, Hubert Slawinski, Christopher Barrington, Katalin A Wilkinson, Cari J Stek, Rachel Lai, Fabrice Bonnet, Graeme Meintjes, Brian Robertson and 5 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

James R BarnacleFrancis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1316-6205
Nonzwakazi BanganiWellcome Discovery Research Platforms in Infection, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa.
Hubert SlawinskiGenomics Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
Christopher BarringtonBioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
Katalin A WilkinsonFrancis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
Cari J StekWellcome Discovery Research Platforms in Infection, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Republic of South Africa.
Rachel LaiDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK.
Fabrice BonnetUniversity of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Centre, Bordeaux, France.
Graeme MeintjesCentre for Immunobiology and Infection, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK.
Brian RobertsonDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, UK.
Martin GengenbacherCenter for Discovery and Innovation, NJ 07110, USA.
Angharad G DavisFrancis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
Daniel L BarberT Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7008-7509
Anne O'GarraImmunoregulation and Infection Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
Robert J WilkinsonFrancis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.

Funding

Translational approaches to improve understanding and outcome in Tuberculous meningitisR01AI145436 · NIAID · HACKENSACK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI GENGENBACHER, MARTIN ALFONS, LAI, RACHEL PEI JEN · 2020 to 2024
$3.6M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI145436Wellcome Trust CC2112
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune dysregulation contributes to death and disability in tuberculous meningitis. People living with HIV have the least evidence that anti-inflammatory therapy improves the poor outcome. Improving therapy relies on a more refined understanding of the host immune response. Single-cell RNA sequencing of 188,983 CSF cells from 25 adults with HIV-associated TBM revealed a predominance of cytotoxic CD8 T cells with low cytokine expression. In microbiologically-confirmed TBM, there was greater cytotoxicity in T, NK and γδ cells, and higher type 1 interferon stimulation in T and B lymphocytes. Neutrophils expressed markers suggesting heightened cytokine stimulation, enhanced effector function, and IL-8-mediated neutrophil recruitment. In a longitudinal cohort, type 1 interferon signaling increased in blood and CSF following treatment initiation. Overall, findings indicate a hyper-inflammatory immune response in the CSF of HIV-associated TBM patients characterised by an accumulation of granzyme-rich cytotoxic CD8 T cells, highly activated neutrophils and host-detrimental type 1 interferon signaling.

Identifiers

PMID41959528
PMCPMC13061046

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.