ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026
On the feasibility of temporal interference stimulation of human brains using two arrays of electrodes.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Conventional temporal interference stimulation (TI, TIS, or tTIS) leverages two pairs of electrodes to induce an interfering electrical field in the brain. Both computational and experimental studies show that TI can stimulate deep brain regions without significantly affecting shallow areas. While promising, optimization of the locations and dosages on these two pairs of electrodes for maximal focal modulation remains computationally challenging. We are the first to propose two arrays of electrodes instead of two or multiple pairs of electrodes to boost modulation focality. However, the optimization algorithm outputs too many electrodes with overlaps across two frequencies, making it difficult to implement in practice. Based on recent progress in developing multi-channel TI devices and computational work on TI optimization, here we again advocate two-array TI, but with solid software and hardware evidence to show the feasibility. Specifically, we show that the latest optimization algorithm for two-pair TI innately works for two-array TI with the fastest speed (under 30s) among all major algorithms. With a similar amount of electrodes, two-array TI could achieve better focality (3.03 cm) at the hippocampus even than TI using up to 16 pairs of electrodes (3.19 cm) that takes days to optimize. We also show a hardware implementation of two-array TI using 10 electrodes on our 8-channel TI device. We argue that two-pair TI is only preferred when one does not care about modulation focality and promote two-array TI for its advantages in focality and lower cost in terms of both optimization time and electrodes needed. We restate the focality-intensity tradeoff but in the context of TI and provide a first voxel-level map of achievable focality and modulation strength by TI in the MNI-152 head template. We hope this work will pave the way for future adoptions of two-array TI for more focal non-invasive deep brain stimulation.
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