ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026
Synaptotagmin isoforms differentially regulate glutamate and GABA release in the lateral habenula.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Neurotransmitter co-transmission contributes to diverse physiological processes throughout the mammalian brain, including sensory integration, motivational control, and social behaviors. Projections from the globus pallidus internus (GPi; the entopeduncular nucleus, EPN, in rodents) to the lateral habenula (LHb) are well-characterized by the co-transmission of both GABA and glutamate. These dual-release inputs modulate behavioral states in chronically learned helpless (cLH) rats, influencing both the onset and recovery of pathological phenotypes. Here, we employed confocal 3D reconstructions that confirmed the presence of both vesicular transporters VGAT and VGLUT2 in EPN axon terminals within the LHb. Further investigation revealed that GABA and glutamate are packaged in distinct vesicle populations within individual presynaptic terminals. Notably, the calcium (Ca
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