ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Targeting IL-12 for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy: advances in delivery strategies and clinical translation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains highly resistant to conventional immunotherapies due to its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a potent immunostimulatory cytokine, has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential across a range of malignancies. However, systemic administration of IL-12 has been linked to severe dose-limiting toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome and multi-organ dysfunction, representing a persistent barrier to clinical translation. This review examines the rationale for IL-12-based immunotherapy in PDAC, synthesizing the current knowledge on immunotherapy approaches for this disease, IL-12's mechanisms of action in cancer treatment, and synergistic combination strategies. We describe three major delivery platforms that have emerged to overcome the limitations of systemic delivery due to toxicity: cellular encapsulation systems, virotherapy-mediated approaches, lipid nanocapsule formulations, polymer-based platforms, local electroporation-mediated transfection, and CAR-T combined therapy. These innovative strategies enable localized, sustained IL-12 expression within the tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic exposure and associated toxicities. By safely harnessing IL-12's potent immunostimulatory properties, these next-generation delivery systems offer promising therapeutic avenues for PDAC and other immunotherapy-resistant malignancies.
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