Introduction: Methods: The study included patients diagnosed with PJP from January 2020 to December 2024 in a tertiary A hospital in Jiangxi Province. The patients were divided into two groups: HIV infection ( Results: Compared with the HIV group, non-HIV immunocompromised patients had a higher mechanical ventilation rate and a higher likelihood of intensive care unit admission ( Conclusion: The majority of HIV-infected PJP patients in Jiangxi Province are young men, showing systemic symptoms and abnormal early lung imaging features. Non-HIV immunocompromised PJP patients showed nonsystemic symptoms and advanced lung imaging abnormalities. Basophils, total protein (TP), and GLB can reflect some states of the immune system. It can be used to preliminarily distinguish PJP patients with HIV infection from non-HIV immunocompromised patients. PJP co-infection with HIV usually involves complex immune responses and clinical manifestations, and relying on these indicators alone is not ideal for identification. A more accurate identification method should be combined with clinical symptoms, medical history, immune function tests (such as CD4+ T-cell count), viral load, and other indicators for comprehensive evaluation. Therefore, although the above indicators can provide a certain reference value for identification, they cannot be used as the only basis.