ArticleBMC microbiology2026
Dynamics of multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic E. coli biofilm formation on various surfaces and its dispersion with phage antibiotic synergism.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections are persistent threats to the poultry industry, causing substantial economic losses. This study evaluated the biofilm-forming potential of 32 multidrug-resistant APEC (MDR-APEC) isolates on three common poultry industry surfaces: polypropylene (PP), stainless steel (SS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The results indicated that PVC had the highest biofilm formation rate (82%), followed by SS (79%) and PP (64%). Three isolates that showed moderate to strong biofilm formation across all surfaces were tested for minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs and MBCs) of Gentamicin (GEN) and Ciprofloxacin (CIP) ranging from 2500 µg/ mL to 31.25 µg/ mL. These isolates exhibited resistance, requiring varying doses for a bactericidal effect. Sensitivity to the phages EscoΦA-06, EscoΦA-07, and EscoΦB-01 was confirmed by bacterial lysis assay. Bacterial killing assays revealed that a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 was optimal for antimicrobial activity. Phage‒antibiotic synergy (PAS) tests revealed effective combinations for dispersing biofilms on all surfaces. Although PAS was predominant, some phage‒antibiotic antagonism (PAA) was observed with Ciprofloxacin combinations. Surface-specific analysis revealed that PP enabled the most efficient biofilm dispersal, whereas PVC proved challenging due to strong biofilm formation. This study offers critical insights into optimizing phage‒antibiotic combinations to combat biofilm-associated challenges in controlling MDR‒APECs infections in poultry. Understanding the synergistic and antagonistic interactions between phages, antibiotics, and surface materials can offer a promising avenue for developing effective antimicrobial strategies for poultry management.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.