ReviewJournal of human hypertension2026
COVID-19 and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with pre-existing hypertension.
Review in Journal of human hypertension, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Patients with hypertension have worse acute COVID-19 outcomes, but the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults with hypertension and no prior cardiovascular events in the Montefiore Health System, comparing those with and without COVID-19 over up to 4.5 years post-infection. Outcomes included first-time myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), stroke, all-cause mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Multivariate regression and inverse-probability weighting adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and COVID-19 vaccination. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Sub-analyses examined hypertension stage and acute COVID-19 blood biomarkers in relation to outcomes. Among 75,180 hypertensive patients, hospitalized COVID-19 was associated with increased risk of first-time MI (adjusted HR = 1.40 [1.21-1.63]), HF (1.59 [1.45-1.75]), stroke (1.35 [1.17-1.57]), all-cause mortality (2.51 [2.17-2.90]), and MACE (1.65 [1.54-1.77]) compared to COVID-negative individuals. Non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients had elevated risks of HF (1.17 [1.06-1.30]) and MACE (1.14 [1.05-1.23]). Hospitalized COVID-19 was associated with an increase in MACE risk by 75% in those with normal blood pressure, and by 126% and 148% in those with elevated blood pressure and stage 1 hypertension, respectively. Abnormal C-reactive protein, creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer, hemoglobin, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicted higher MACE risk. COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, puts hypertensive patients at greater risks of worse cardiovascular outcomes, especially those with more advanced hypertension. These findings underscore the importance of long-term cardiovascular monitoring in this vulnerable population.
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