ArticleScientific reports2026
Homologous MVA and heterologous DREP/MVA vaccine regimens induce robust and durable immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Long-term immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 following homologous and heterologous mRNA and MVA vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the success of current COVID-19 vaccines, the immunity they generate wanes over time, requiring periodic boosters. The limited durability of memory responses, particularly from mRNA vaccines, remains a major challenge for achieving long-term protection. Developing vaccines that induce more sustained immunity would lessen the need for frequent revaccination, improving global vaccination logistics, especially in resource-limited settings. DNA-launched self-amplifying RNA replicons (DREP) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors are promising vaccine platforms capable of inducing potent humoral and cellular immunity. In this study, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses in C57BL/6 mice following homologous and heterologous prime/boost regimens combining DREP- and MVA-based vaccines expressing the spike (S) protein from either the ancestral Wuhan strain or the Omicron XBB.1.5 variant. Homologous (DREP/DREP, MVA/MVA) and heterologous (DREP/MVA) regimens were followed for six months. MVA-S(3P)-based boosters elicited robust and durable anti-S IgG antibodies cross-recognizing multiple variants, with minimal decay over time. Neutralization mapped to the booster antigen: MVA-S(3PWuhan) induced neutralization of the ancestral strain, while MVA-S(3PXBB.1.5) selectively neutralized Omicron subvariants, maintaining high titers for at least six months. MVA-S(3P) boosters also enhanced antibody Fc-effector functions, memory B cells, and T follicular helper responses. Early after boosting, heterologous DREP/MVA regimens induced stronger CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell responses, while at six months all MVA-S(3P)-boosted groups maintained superior, long-lived cellular immunity. Collectively, MVA-S(3P)-based boosters improved the magnitude, breadth, and durability of humoral and cellular responses, supporting their strategic use in homologous and heterologous DREP/MVA vaccination regimens against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.