ArticleScientific reports2026
Controlled heating between 100 and 500 degrees celsius improves enamel resistance to erosion in vitro.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of controlled heating at different temperatures on enamel erosion resistance, One hundred and twelve polished bovine enamel samples were randomly allocated to one of seven groups (n = 16): no treatment (negative control [C]); daily application of fluoride solution (500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn2+ as AmF/NaF/SnCl2, pH4.5, standard control [F]); and five oven-heated groups (100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C). Heating in a dental oven was conducted atrates of 1 K/min, and each temperature level was maintained for 1 min. After surface treatment, all samples underwent a six-day erosive cycling protocol, with six daily immersions in citric acid (0.05 M, pH 2.3, 2 min) and storage in remineralization solution (≥ 1 h) between cycles. Enamel surface loss (µm) was measured at baseline and every second day (D2, D4, D6) using a 3D-laser-profilometer. Data were analyzed with two-way repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons (p < 0.05). All heated groups (100–500 °C) and F significantly increased enamel erosion resistance compared to C (−24.6 ± 1.3 µm,p < 0.05). Furthermore, heating at 300 °C (−8.3 ± 2.7 µm), 400 °C (-5.6 ± 2.4 µm) and 500 °C (−3.2 ± 2.4 µm) resulted in significantly greater erosion resistance than F (−12.3 ± 2.3 µm, p = 0.02/ < 0.01), with 400 °C and 500 °C reducing enamel surface loss by 77 and 87%, respectively. Controlled heating significantly increased enamel erosion resistance, with 400 °C and 500 °C showing the highest protection. While oven heating is not clinically applicable, these findings contribute to understanding of CO₂ laser-induced erosion resistance. The significant increase in enamel erosion resistance following controlled heating suggests that structural modifications play a key role in erosion prevention. While oven heating provided standardized conditions, future research should explore whether similar protective effects can be achieved with clinically applicable CO₂-laser parameters to optimize non-invasive strategies for enamel preservation.
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