ArticleScientific reports2026
Evaluation of Calpurnia aurea seed extract as natural coagulant for reducing turbidity, color and COD from water and wastewater.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Turbidity, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) indicate water quality. Natural coagulants offer eco-friendly alternatives for treatment. This study investigates the potential of Calpurnia aurea seed extract as a natural coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. The extract was prepared through a multi-step process involving drying, grinding the seeds, sieving the seed powder, cold macerating using n-hexane solvent to defatting, and dissolution in distilled water (5 g/L). Protein content was quantified using the Kjeldahl method. Treatment conditions were optimized using the jar test and one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach, yielding optimal parameters of 100 mg/L dosage, pH 3, rapid mixing at 300 rpm for 9 min, slow mixing at 45 rpm for 35 min, and a settling time of 70 min. Under these conditions, turbidity removal efficiencies reached 91.93% (synthetic wastewater), 87.89% (municipal wastewater), 69.93% (textile effluent), and 45.79% (Akaki river water). In this context, the efficiency for the Calpurnia aurea seed extract approaches the turbidity removal efficiencies of up to 99.77% reported for alum in previous studies. Color removal was most effective in textile effluent (63.73%), followed by municipal wastewater (49.77%) and Akaki river water (24.12%). COD reductions were highest in Akaki river water (78.49%), with moderate effects in municipal wastewater (46.28%) and textile effluent (30.75%). The extract’s coagulation mechanism is attributed to charge neutralization and colloidal particle binding. These findings highlight Calpurnia aurea seeds as a promising natural coagulant for improving water quality across diverse wastewater sources.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.