ArticleScientific reports2026
Childhood predictors of political voice across 22 countries in the global flourishing study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
The current study retrospectively examines childhood predictors among sampled respondents to assess linkages, if any, between various childhood experiences before age 12 and political voice in adulthood. We apply random effects meta-analysis on a diverse and international dataset of 202,898 individuals from 22 countries. Using specified reference exposures for each category of childhood experiences, we find that having a strong relationship with mother/father results in an individual reporting slightly greater political voice relative to having a bad relationship with a parent overall. Similar overall positive associations are observed among individuals who had single parents, including instances in which one or both parents died, reported having financially comfortable childhoods, were exposed to abuse, felt like an outsider, experienced excellent health, and attended religious services. However, in Egypt, Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, Poland, and Spain abuse associated with relatively lower political voice. Likewise, feeling as an outsider in Germany, Israel, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Tanzania associated with relatively lower political voice. Our findings suggest that the strength and direction of these associations differ by country, reflecting diverse cultural influences. Concerns about unmeasured confounding variables were addressed using the e-value method and were reassuring.
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