Evaluation of the remineralization effect of goat milk compared to cow milk and artificial saliva on demineralized enamel (an in vitro study).

Remineralization of early carious lesions can prevent their progression to cavitated stages. While cow milk and artificial saliva have demonstrated good remineralization potentials, the effects of goat milk remain unexplored. This study aimed to compare the remineralization capabilities of goat milk, cow milk, and artificial saliva on demineralized enamel surfaces. The tooth specimens were demineralized using citric acid, then split into three groups, each subjected to either artificial saliva, cow milk, or goat milk for remineralization. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo Surftest (SJ-210 Series), while microhardness was measured by the standard Vickers hardness method using a Wilson hardness tester, before any intervention, after demineralization, and after remineralization. Additionally, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination was performed at baseline, following demineralization, and remineralization. The groups did not significantly differ from one another in roughness and microhardness at baseline and following demineralization. However, following remineralization, there was a statistically significant difference between goat milk and both artificial saliva and cow milk groups, where goat milk revealed the least roughness and the highest microhardness. No significant distinctions were found between the artificial saliva and cow milk groups. A strong negative correlation between roughness and microhardness was established across all three groups. SEM confirmed goat milk to have a comparable surface morphology with the other two groups, showing a homogenous surface with few irregularities. In conclusion, goat milk demonstrated a promising remineralization potential compared to artificial saliva and cow milk. This study emphasizes the value of goat milk as a natural alternative to remineralizing agents, offering a simple yet effective strategy to prevent early carious lesions and combat demineralization.