Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41952808›Full record

ArticleClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2026

Smoking and Risk of Vision Threatening Complications: A Global Database Analysis.

Marina Gad El Sayed, Nathan Vu Pham, Dhiresh Bandaru, Ibrahim Abboud, Maria Bahaa Zakhary, Michael Zakhary, Rose Gloriana Emad Bishay, Kimia Rezaei, Parsa Khaksar, Jonathan Enciso and 5 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Marina Gad El SayedSchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Nathan Vu PhamDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Dhiresh BandaruSchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Ibrahim AbboudSchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0001-7014-1760
Maria Bahaa ZakharyDepartment of Biology, Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA.
Michael ZakharyDepartment of Biology, Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA.
Rose Gloriana Emad BishaySchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0004-1417-6258
Kimia RezaeiSchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Parsa KhaksarSchool of Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.
Jonathan EncisoSchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Khanh TranSchool of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Stephanie J MartinezSchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-4706-2149
Kirellos MikhailCardiology Department, UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5717-7411
Ray R GlendrangeSchool of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
Yousef FouadDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt.ORCID 0000-0002-2954-2917

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the association between smoking and the incidence of vision-threatening conditions, including cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vascular occlusion, uveitis, and ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) in a large real-world database to provide quantitative risk estimates to inform smoking cessation counseling. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX electronic health records platform, analyzing 12,183,254 patients. Patients were categorized into smokers (n = 304,823) and non-smokers (n = 11,878,431), and then a propensity score matching was utilized to balance both groups for demographic features and vascular risk factors. The incidence rates of the studied ocular conditions were then compared over a ten-year period using risk ratios (RR). Results: Matched cohorts included 300,867 patients per group. Smokers exhibited a significantly higher 10-year risk for all studied ophthalmic outcomes (p < 0.0001). The strongest associations were observed for posterior subcapsular cataract (RR 2.60; 95% CI, 2.41-2.82), uveitis (RR 2.43 [2.25-2.63]), and retinal vascular occlusions (CRAO: RR 2.35; CRVO: RR 2.16). Increased risks were also consistent across glaucoma subtypes (RR 1.57-2.47), AMD (RR 1.85), and diabetic retinopathy (RR 1.21). Conclusion: Smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of multiple vision-threatening ocular diseases. These findings highlight the need for ophthalmologists and public health professionals to incorporate smoking history into risk stratification and screening programs and to emphasize ocular health during smoking cessation counseling.

Indexed as

counselingsmokingvision impairmentvision loss

Identifiers

PMID41952808
PMCPMC13053813

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.