ArticleLaryngoscope investigative otolaryngology2026
The Clinical Pathway of the Normal Outpatient Modified Barium Swallow: A Case Series.
Article in Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: Modified barium swallow studies (MBSS) are one of two gold-standard assessments for oropharyngeal swallowing. It is unclear how many patients referred for outpatient MBSS have normal swallowing despite a subjective complaint of dysphagia. This study examined the rate, referral diagnoses, and referral patterns of outpatient MBSS. Methods: A retrospective descriptive case series was conducted of outpatient adult MBSS between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019. Normal MBSS were identified and stratified by present/absent history of neurological disease or head and neck cancer (HNC). Referral sources and diagnoses were tracked. Results: Six hundred fifteen patients were referred for MBSS. 285 (46%) studies were normal; of these, 209 (73% of normal MBSS; 34% of total MBSS) had no history of neurological disease or HNC and were predominately female (female 128, 61%, male 81, 39%). The primary referral diagnoses for MBSS are: Dysphagia, unspecified (48, 23.0%), Dysphagia, other (6, 2.9%), Dysphagia, pharyngeal (8, 3.8%), Dysphagia, esophageal (14, 6.7%), Dysphagia, oropharyngeal (43, 20.6%), Dysphagia, pharyngoesophageal (12, 5.7%), GERD/LPR (7, 3.3%), Chronic cough (11, 5.3%), Chronic throat clearing (2, 1.0%), Other (including Zenker's diverticulum 58, 27.8%). The primary referral sources were: ENT (72, 34.4%), Gastroenterology (57, 27.3%), PCP: (23, 11.0%). Conclusion: Nearly half of all patients referred for MBSS were judged to have normal oropharyngeal swallowing. There may be a discrepancy between patient complaint and evaluation results necessitating revision of referral patterns and evaluation methods and consideration of transient or poorly understood presentations of dysphagia. Levels of Evidence: 4.
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