Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41952776›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP

Adaptive VR intervention on social-cognitive skills in children with ASD: a feasibility study.

Luna Maddalon, Alberto Altozano, Maria Eleonora Minissi, Javier Marín-Morales, Gary Lovaton Romero, Thomas Parsons, Amaia Hervás, Mariano Alcañiz

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Luna MaddalonHuman-Centered Technology Research Institute (HUMAN-Tech). Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Alberto AltozanoHuman-Centered Technology Research Institute (HUMAN-Tech). Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Maria Eleonora MinissiHuman-Centered Technology Research Institute (HUMAN-Tech). Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Javier Marín-MoralesHuman-Centered Technology Research Institute (HUMAN-Tech). Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Gary Lovaton RomeroFundació de Docencia Y Recerca Mútua Terrassa (MTA) - Grup Salut Mental Infanto Juvenil, Barcelona, Spain.
Thomas ParsonsComputational Neuropsychology and Simulation, (CNS) Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
Amaia HervásFundació de Docencia Y Recerca Mútua Terrassa (MTA) - Grup Salut Mental Infanto Juvenil, Barcelona, Spain.
Mariano AlcañizHuman-Centered Technology Research Institute (HUMAN-Tech). Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study introduces and evaluates a novel virtual reality (VR) adaptive system that advances the state of the art by tailoring social-cognitive training to individual performance, addressing gaps in traditional interventions for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A sample of 23 children (aged 6-8 years) diagnosed with Level 1 ASD participated in a four-session program integrating traditional Theory of Mind tasks with gamified, adaptive VR environments. The online adaptive engine provides real-time support with hints (question repetition), feedback, and reinforcement strategies, while the offline engine adjusts difficulty levels between sessions based on performance. Pre- and post-test assessments using the Theory of Mind Test Battery (ToMTB) and Social Responsiveness Scale evaluated participants' progress. Statistical analyses, including generalized linear mixed models and the Aligned Rank Transform, were used to examine behavioral and biosignal metrics such as motor movement and electrodermal activity (EDA). Results revealed significant improvements in ToMTB post-test scores, suggesting that the adaptive system positively influenced ToM abilities, while no significant changes were observed in the SRS-2 scores. Behavioral analysis indicated progressive accuracy gains and reduced reliance on hints across sessions. Kinematic analysis revealed that whole-body acceleration and displacement increased across sessions, while EDA indicated a significant rise in tonic mean, tonic variance, and phasic variance levels. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential efficacy of using adaptive training VR systems to address social-cognitive challenges in individuals with ASD. Future research should expand sample sizes and explore follow-up effects to optimize VR-based interventions.

Indexed as

Adaptive interventionAutism spectrum disorderSocial cognitionStatistical learningTheory of mindVirtual reality

Identifiers

PMID41952776
PMCPMC13054044

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.