ArticleScientific reports2026
Awareness motivations and barriers related to rhinoplasty among adults in Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Rhinoplasty is among the most commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedures worldwide, yet public awareness, motivations, and perceived barriers related to the procedure remain insufficiently characterized in Middle Eastern populations. This study aimed to evaluate awareness, motivations, perceived barriers, and prior rhinoplasty experience among adults across five Levantine countries. A cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted between January and October 2025 among adults aged 18 years and older residing in Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. Participants were recruited through snowball sampling via social media platforms. An Arabic questionnaire adapted for a multicountry Levantine sample was used to assess sociodemographic characteristics, prior rhinoplasty experience, knowledge, information sources, motivations, and perceived barriers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multivariable logistic regression to examine factors associated with prior rhinoplasty. A total of 4,238 participants were included (mean age 21.8 ± 2.0 years; 2,882 females [68.0%] and 1,356 males [32.0%]). The overall prevalence of prior rhinoplasty was 13.4%, with significant cross-country variation (p < 0.001), highest in Iraq (25.7%) and lowest in Palestine (3.7%). The mean knowledge score was 8.15 ± 1.13, with statistically significant but numerically small differences across countries (p < 0.001). Participants rated therapeutic motives more highly than cosmetic motives (3.97 ± 1.07 vs. 3.29 ± 1.15; p < 0.001). Perceived barriers included financial barriers only (8.4%), social barriers only (11.4%), and both financial and social barriers (15.1%), with significant intercountry differences (p < 0.001). In the adjusted analysis, country of residence, age, and knowledge score were associated with prior rhinoplasty. This multi-country cross-sectional study found significant variation in awareness, motivations, perceived barriers, and prior rhinoplasty across respondents from five Levantine countries. Although awareness was generally high, specific misconceptions persisted, and therapeutic motives were more strongly endorsed than cosmetic motives. Because the study used a cross-sectional design and non-probability online sampling, the findings should be interpreted as associations within the study sample rather than as causal effects or nationally representative estimates.
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